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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2023. 180 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1437402

ABSTRACT

Diversas evidências científicas demonstram que o consumo de ácidos graxos trans está associado com mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. A OMS, em 2018, considerando a presença de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos recomendou a sua total eliminação até o ano de 2023. Sendo assim, no Brasil, em 2019, a RDC 332 aborda que a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2023 estarão proibidas a produção e a importação de ácidos graxos trans em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Atualmente, a legislação que está em vigor sobre ácidos graxos trans é a RDC 54, da ANVISA, que estabelece que, somente os alimentos que apresentarem teores de ácidos graxos trans ≤ 0,1 g por porção e somatória de ácidos graxos saturados e ácidos graxos trans até 1,5 g por porção podem alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional. As bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers são importantes representantes de alimentos ultraprocessados, sendo muito consumidas por adultos e principalmente por crianças pelo seu baixo custo e acessibilidade. A partir destas considerações, o objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar os teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados por cromatografia gasosa em bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers, comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo, analisando os teores dos ácidos graxos e comparando com a RDC 54. Em 2018 e 2019, foram analisadas 65 bolachas recheadas, e 40 bolachas wafers, as bolachas foram divididas entre as que possuíam ácidos graxos trans nos rótulos, e as que possuíam a ausência dessa gordura. Os teores de ácidos graxos trans encontrados nas bolachas com a presença de ácidos graxos trans na rotulagem, variaram de 0,34 a 5,21 g por 100 g e 0,19 e 8,54 g por 100 g nas bolachas recheadas e nas bolachas wafers, respectivamente. Diante disso, constatou-se que algumas marcas de bolachas recheadas e bolachas wafers apresentaram grandes quantidades de gordura trans em sua composição. Em relação às bolachas recheadas e wafers com a ausência de gordura trans nos rótulos, todas as bolachas estavam em acordo com a legislação vigente em relação aos valores menores ou iguais a 0,1 g de gordura trans por porção, porém, em relação à somatória de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados de até 1,5 g por porção, todas estavam com valores superiores, dessa maneira, os fabricantes dessas bolachas não poderiam alegar zero trans na rotulagem nutricional, e por isto, estavam em desacordo com a legislação vigente. Em 2022, foram reanalisadas seis amostras de bolachas recheadas e quatro amostras de bolachas wafers, que em 2018 apresentaram altos teores de ácidos graxos trans. Também foram analisadas três bolachas wafers que em 2022 ainda apresentavam altos teores de gorduras trans nos rótulos. Os resultados dessas amostras demonstraram que em 2022 ainda há em supermercados brasileiros, bolachas com altos teores de ácidos graxos trans e ácidos graxos saturados em sua composição. Diante disso, ratifica-se a necessidade do cumprimento da legislação vigente e da RDC 332 em 2023 e de fiscalizações mais frequentes pelos órgãos competentes, devido aos malefícios do consumo dos ácidos graxos trans para a saúde da população


There is a lot of scientific evidence showing that consumption of trans fatty acids is associated with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. The WHO in 2018, considering the presence of trans fatty acids in foods, recommended their total elimination by the year 2023. Therefore, in Brazil in 2019, RDC 332 addresses that from January 1, 2023, the production and the importation of trans fatty acids in foods intended for human consumption are prohibited. Currently, the legislation in force on trans fatty acids is ANVISA's RDC 54, this RDC establishes that only foods that have trans fatty acids contents ≤ 0.1 g per serving and the sum of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving can claim zero trans on nutrition labels. Stuffed cookies and wafer cookies are important representatives of ultra-processed foods, being widely consumed by adults and especially children due to their low cost and accessibility. Based on these considerations, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contents of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids by gas chromatography (AOAC method 996.06) in stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, commercialized in the State of São Paulo, analyzing the contents of the fatty acids and comparing with RDC 54. In 2018 and 2019, 65 stuffed cookies and 40 wafers cookies were analyzed, the cookies were divided between those that had trans fatty acids on the labels, and those that had the absence of this fat. The levels of trans fatty acids found in the cookies with the presence of trans fatty acids on the label ranged from 0.34 to 5.21 g per 100 g and 0.19 and 8.54 g per 100 g in the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies, respectively. Therefore, it was found that some brands of stuffed cookies and wafers cookies had large amounts of trans fat in their composition. Regarding the stuffed cookies and wafers cookies with the absence of trans fat on the labels, all cookies were in accordance with current legislation in relation to values less than or equal to 0.1 g of trans fat per serving, but in relation to the sum of acids trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids up to 1.5 g per serving, all had higher values, thus, the manufacturers of these cookies could not claim zero trans on the nutrition label, and therefore, they were in disagreement with the current legislation. In 2022, six samples of stuffed cookies and four samples of wafers were reanalyzed, which in 2018 had high levels of trans fatty acids. Three wafers were also analyzed, which in 2022 still had high levels of trans fats on the labels. The results of these samples showed that in 2022 there are still cookies in brazilian supermarkets with high levels of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in their composition. In view of this, the need to comply with current legislation and RDC 332 in 2023 and more frequent inspections by competent institutions are ratified, due to the harmful effects of the consumption of trans fatty acids on the health of the population


Subject(s)
Brazil/ethnology , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Cookies , Fatty Acids/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Minors/classification , Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency , Nutritional Sciences/classification
2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 47(2): 200-208, abr. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1115489

ABSTRACT

ANTECEDENTES: Se desconoce el contenido de grasas saturada (GS) y trans (Gtrans) en panes sin etiqueta y sin vigilancia por entidad regulatoria de Colombia. PROPÓSITO: Comparar el contenido de GS y Gtrans en panes de algunas panaderías de Medellín con lo reglamentado: 0,5 g/50 g de pan, para ambos tipos de grasa según resolución 2508 de 2012 del Ministerio de Salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se muestrearon 45 panes de tres tipos (aliñado, leche y croissant) en tres niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) según ubicación de la panadería. Se cuantificó grasa total gravimétricamente y GS y Gtrans por cromatografía de gases. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de GS y Gtrans con respecto a la grasa total extraíble fue 43,8% y 0,6% en pan aliñado, 37,4% y 0,6% en pan leche y 32,2% y 0,9% en pan croissant, sin diferencia significativa entre ellos (p= 0,155 y 0,184, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Comparado con la resolución 2508, el contenido de GS fue mayor al límite establecido en resolución y el contenido de Gtrans fue menor en pan aliñado, leche o croissant. Los panes evaluados en las panaderías del NSE bajo contenían mayor Gtrans que los otros.


BACKGROUND: The content of saturated (GS) and trans (Gtrans) fats in unlabeled and breads that are not regulated by the Colombian government is unknown. PURPOSE: To compare the content of GS and Gtrans in breads of bakeries in Medellín with the following regulation: 0.5 g/50 g of bread, for both types of fat according to the 2012 Ministry of Health resolution #2508. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 45 breads of three types (seasoned, milk and croissant) were sampled at bakeries from three socioeconomic levels (NSE) according to the location. Total fat was quantified gravimetrically and GS and Gtrans by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The percentage of GS and Gtrans with respect to the total extractable fat was 43.8% and 0.6% in seasoned bread, 37.4% and 0.6% in milk bread and 32.2% and 0.9% in croissant bread, with no significant difference by bread type (p= 0.155 and 0.184, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: GS content of sampled breadswas greater than the limit established in the resolution. Gtrans content was lower in seasoned bread andmilk bread compared to croissant. The breads evaluated in the bakeries of lower NSE contained higher Gtrans than the others.


Subject(s)
Bread/analysis , Dietary Fats/analysis , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Fatty Acids/analysis , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Colombia , Flame Ionization/methods
3.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 47(1): 73-79, feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092746

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to associate the consumption of trans and saturated fats with dyslipidemia in overweight and obese adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) from February 2013 to November 2014. Anthropometry, food consumption data, and the lipidogram of 9,538 overweight Brazilian adolescents from macro-regions and Teresina were used in the study. We found an association between saturated fats and HDL-c in Teresina and in the Northeastern macro-region (p-value= 0.002 and p-value= 0.033, respectively), showing that adolescents in Teresina who consumed less than 10% of saturated fats were 2.04-fold more likely to have desirable HDL-c (OR= 2.04), while northeastern adolescents were 0.625 less likely to have desirable HDL-c (OR= 0.625). In Teresina, there was an association between saturated fat consumption and total cholesterol (p-value= 0.045), showing that adolescents consuming less than 10% of saturated fats had a 0.543- fold lower odds of having desirable total cholesterol levels (OR= 0.543). Lipid profile was not associated with consumption of trans fats, but with the consumption of saturated fats. It is important to monitor the lipid profile of adolescents, especially in the presence of overweight.


El objective fue asociar el consumo de grasas trans y saturadas y dislipidemia en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), en el período de febrero de 2013 a noviembre de 2014. Se utilizaron datos antropométricos, consumo alimentario y lipidograma de 9.538 adolescentes, residentes en Brasil, macrorregiones y Teresina. En Teresina y Macroregión Nordeste, hubo asociación entre el consumo de grasa saturada y HDL-c (p-valor= 0,002 y p-valor= 0,033), respectivamente, mostrando que, adolescentes teresinenses con consumo menor que 10% la grasa saturada tiene 2,04 veces más probabilidades de tener HDL-c deseables (OR= 2,04); mientras que los nordestinos que consumen menos del 10% de grasa saturada tienen 0,625 veces la probabilidad de tener HDL-c deseables (OR= 0,625). En Teresina, hubo asociación entre el consumo de grasa saturada y colesterol total (p-valor= 0,045), mostrando que adolescentes con consumo menor que 10% de grasa saturada tienen 0,543 veces la probabilidad de tener colesterol total deseable (OR= 0,543). El perfil lipídico no se asoció al consumo de grasa trans, sino al consumo de grasa saturada. Es importante realizar monitorización del perfil lipídico de adolescentes, especialmente en presencia del sobrepeso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Dietary Fats , Eating , Dyslipidemias , Overweight , Fatty Acids , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Brazil , Anthropometry , Cholesterol/analysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Lipids/analysis , Obesity
4.
Rev. Nutr. (Online) ; 33: e190138, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057194

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and evaluate its relationship with the nutritional and metabolic status of hemodialysis patients in a single center in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 73 individuals in hemodialysis (50 men and 23 women, 21-87 years-old). Clinical and lifestyle variables were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire and dietary data by food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and metabolic data are collected from medical records. Results Processed and ultra-processed foods represented 11.0% of daily caloric intake, 53.0% of trans fatty acid, and 12.5% of salt consumed in the study sample. Individuals who had high intake of this food group (≥128.4g/day, median intake) had higher serum phosphorus and pre-dialysis urea values (p=0.038; p=0.013, respectively). Also, individual with higher consumption of processed meat, sausages and ready prepared food had higher pre-dialysis serum urea (p=0.021), while serum potassium was higher among the subjects who consumed more sauces and salt-based seasonings (p=0.002). Conclusion Higher consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was associated with important biomarkers of metabolic control for hemodialysis subjects, probably due to non-health dietary composition. Nutritional guidelines and intervention strategies must be promoted to reduce consumption of these food-group in thisspecific population.


RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e avaliar sua relação com o estado nutricional e metabólico de pacientes em hemodiálise em um único centro brasileiro. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal com 73 indivíduos em hemodiálise (50 homens e 23 mulheres, 21-87 anos de idade). As variáveis clínicas e de estilo de vida foram avaliados por um questionário semi-estruturado, bem como dados dietéticos por questionário de frequência alimentar. Dados antropométricos e metabólicos foram coletados de registros médicos. Resultados Os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados representaram 11,0% das calorias diárias, 53,0% dos ácidos graxos trans e 12,5% de sódio consumido na amostra estudada. Os indivíduos que tiveram alta ingestão deste grupo alimentar (≥128,4 g/dia, ingestão mediana) apresentaram maiores valores de fósforo sérico e uréia pré-diálise (p=0,038; p=0,013, respectivamente). Também, indivíduos com maior consumo de carne processada, embutidos e refeições prontas apresentaram maior ureia sérica pré-diálise (p=0,021), enquanto o potássio sérico foi maior entre os indivíduos que consumiram mais molhos e temperos á base de sal (p=0,002). Conclusão O maior consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados foi associado a importantes biomarcadores de controle metabólico para indivíduos em hemodiálise, provavelmente devido à composição dietética não saudável. Orientações nutricionais e estratégias de intervenção devem ser promovidas para reduzir o consumo desses alimentos nessa população específica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Renal Dialysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Industrialized Foods , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Life Style
5.
Rev. Nutr. (Online) ; 33: e190138, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092117

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and evaluate its relationship with the nutritional and metabolic status of hemodialysis patients in a single center in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 73 individuals in hemodialysis (50 men and 23 women, 21-87 years-old). Clinical and lifestyle variables were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire and dietary data by food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and metabolic data are collected from medical records. Results Processed and ultra-processed foods represented 11.0% of daily caloric intake, 53.0% of trans fatty acid, and 12.5% of salt consumed in the study sample. Individuals who had high intake of this food group (≥128.4g/day, median intake) had higher serum phosphorus and pre-dialysis urea values (p=0.038; p=0.013, respectively). Also, individual with higher consumption of processed meat, sausages and ready prepared food had higher pre-dialysis serum urea (p=0.021), while serum potassium was higher among the subjects who consumed more sauces and salt-based seasonings (p=0.002). Conclusion Higher consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was associated with important biomarkers of metabolic control for hemodialysis subjects, probably due to non-health dietary composition. Nutritional guidelines and intervention strategies must be promoted to reduce consumption of these food-group in thisspecific population.


RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e avaliar sua relação com o estado nutricional e metabólico de pacientes em hemodiálise em um único centro brasileiro. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal com 73 indivíduos em hemodiálise (50 homens e 23 mulheres, 21-87 anos de idade). As variáveis clínicas e de estilo de vida foram avaliados por um questionário semi-estruturado, bem como dados dietéticos por questionário de frequência alimentar. Dados antropométricos e metabólicos foram coletados de registros médicos. Resultados Os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados representaram 11,0% das calorias diárias, 53,0% dos ácidos graxos trans e 12,5% de sódio consumido na amostra estudada. Os indivíduos que tiveram alta ingestão deste grupo alimentar (≥128,4 g/dia, ingestão mediana) apresentaram maiores valores de fósforo sérico e uréia pré-diálise (p=0,038; p=0,013, respectivamente). Também, indivíduos com maior consumo de carne processada, embutidos e refeições prontas apresentaram maior ureia sérica pré-diálise (p=0,021), enquanto o potássio sérico foi maior entre os indivíduos que consumiram mais molhos e temperos á base de sal (p=0,002). Conclusão O maior consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados foi associado a importantes biomarcadores de controle metabólico para indivíduos em hemodiálise, provavelmente devido à composição dietética não saudável. Orientações nutricionais e estratégias de intervenção devem ser promovidas para reduzir o consumo desses alimentos nessa população específica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Biomarkers , Eating , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Renal Dialysis , Trans Fatty Acids , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Industrialized Foods , Life Style
6.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2020. 79 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1292618

ABSTRACT

A crescente rejeição às gorduras saturadas e trans em decorrência de sua associação com doenças cardiovasculares, entre outras desordens metabólicas de diversas naturezas, tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de alternativas às gorduras tradicionalmente utilizadas nos processamentos de alimentos. Contudo, o grande desafio reside em conferir funcionalidade tecnológica a lipídios ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo os oleogéis uma abordagem viável e promissora. Os oleogéis são sistemas constituídos por uma base lipídica composta por óleo no estado líquido estruturada por uma rede tridimensional de moléculas com solubilidade limitada em óleos, chamadas de agentes estruturantes. Estudos recentes relataram a influência do tipo de óleo no processo de formação da rede tridimensional de agentes estruturantes e concluíram que o tamanho da cadeia, a polaridade e a viscosidade do óleo podem afetar grandemente a estrutura do oleogel. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência do tipo de óleo em sua estruturação por cera de candelilla, relacionando as propriedades físicas dos oleogéis formados com diversas características físico-químicas dos óleos que os compõem. Para avaliar esta influência, foram selecionadas bases lipídicas de diferentes composições, como triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (MCT), óleo de girassol alto oleico (HOSO), óleo de girassol (SFO), óleo de linhaça (LSO) e os óleos unicelulares ARASCO e DHASCO, para serem estruturados com cera de candelilla nas concentrações de 1,5, 3,0 e 6,0%. De acordo com as correlações de Pearson estabelecidas, houve uma correlação muito forte (r2 =0,948) entre a firmeza e o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados dos óleos, o que pode estar relacionado a uma co-cristalização entre a cera e os ácidos graxos saturados, formando uma estrutura mais firme. Uma correlação forte também foi estabelecida entre o tamanho médio das cadeias de ácidos graxos dos óleos, definido pelo índice de saponificação, e a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,864). A densidade dos óleos também apresentou correlação forte com a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,858), assim como a viscosidade apresentou uma forte correlação negativa (r2 = -0,818), o que indica que os óleos mais densos e menos viscosos produzem oleogéis mais firmes. Tanto a cera de candelilla pura quanto os oleogéis apresentaram forma polimórfica ß', que equivale à subcélula ortorrômbica, que demonstra que os diferentes óleos não modificaram a microestrutura da rede de cera de candelilla. Os diferentes tipos de óleo exerceram influência sobre o comportamento de fusão dos oleogéis, fator que permitiu associá-lo a um maior conteúdo de gordura sólida a 20 °C e a um maior teor de triacilgliceróis trissaturados, como nos óleos DHASCO e ARASCO. O grau de insaturação dos óleos influenciou o empacotamento da rede estrutural dos oleogéis, o que foi revelado pela menor perda de óleo nos oleogéis com cadeias mais longas, se comparados ao MCT. Por fim, este trabalho contribuiu com a expansão do conhecimento dos sistemas chamados oleogéis, sugerindo que trabalhos futuros pautem as escolhas de matéria-prima para formulação dos oleogéis nas propriedades de seus componentes. Desta forma, maiores avanços poderão ser alcançados nas pesquisas de sistemas coloidais e consequentemente no desenvolvimento de sistemas de alta qualidade nutricional e, ao mesmo tempo, funcionalidade tecnológica adequada


The growing rejection of saturated and trans fats as a result of their association with cardiovascular diseases, among other metabolic disorders of various kinds, has driven the development of alternative systems to substitute fats traditionally used in food processing. However, the big challenge lies in providing technological functionality to lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with oleogels being a viable and promising approach. Oleogels are systems made up of a lipid base composed of oil in a liquid state structured by a threedimensional network of molecules with limited solubility in oils, called oleogelators. Recent studies have reported the influence of the oil type in the formation process of the threedimensional network of oleogelators and concluded that the fatty acid chain length, the polarity and the viscosity of the oil can greatly affect the structure of the oleogel. In view of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the oil type in its structuring by candelilla wax, relating the physical properties of the formed oleogels with several physicochemical characteristics of the oils that compose them. To evaluate this influence, lipid bases of different compositions were selected, such as medium chain triglycerides (MCT), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), sunflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LSO) and ARASCO and DHASCO single-cell oils, to be structured with candelilla wax in concentrations of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0% (w/w). According to the Pearson correlations established, there was a very strong correlation (r2 = 0.948) between the firmness and the saturated fatty acid content of the oils, which may be related to a co-crystallization between the wax and the saturated fatty acids, forming a firmer structure. A strong correlation was also established between the average size of the fatty acid chains of the oils, defined by the saponification value, and the oleogel firmness (r2 = 0.864). The density of the oils also showed a strong correlation with the firmness of the oleogels (r2 = 0.858), as well as the viscosity, which showed a strong negative correlation (r2 = -0.818), indicating that oils with higher density and lower viscosity produce firmer oleogels. Both pure candelilla wax and oleogels presented the ß' polymorphic form, which is equivalent to the orthorhombic subcell, demonstrating that the different oils did not modify the microstructure of the candelilla wax network. The different types of oil influenced the melting behavior of oleogels, a factor that allowed it to be associated with a higher solid fat content at 20 °C and a higher content of trisaturated triacylglycerols, as in DHASCO and ARASCO oils. The degree of unsaturation of the oils influenced the packaging of the structural network of oleogels, which was revealed by the higher oil binding capacity in oleogels with longer chains, compared to MCT. Finally, this work contributed to the expansion of knowledge of oleogel systems, suggesting that future work will guide the choices of raw material for formulating oleogels in the properties of their components. Thus, greater advances can be achieved in the research of colloidal systems and, consequently, in the development of high nutritional quality systems allied to adequate technological functionality


Subject(s)
Oils/administration & dosage , Rhizophoraceae/adverse effects , Trans Fatty Acids , Fats/chemistry , Waxes , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/classification , Product Packaging/instrumentation , Fats , Food/adverse effects
7.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2019. 80 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1049722

ABSTRACT

As gorduras ricas em ácidos graxos saturados e/ou trans são ingredientes que brindam propriedades nos alimentos como textura, fusão e estabilidade. Porém, a relação entre seu consumo e enfermidades cardiovasculares, força a busca de novas alternativas. Uma alternativa potencial são os oleogéis, pois são um material plástico e com melhor balanço lipídico, do ponto de vista nutricional. Os oleogéis são sistemas coloidais onde uma fase orgânica líquida, representada por um óleo, é imobilizada por uma rede sólida tridimensional formada por agentes estruturantes. Atualmente, tem sido estudados oleogéis conformados com variados agentes estruturantes, com o intuito de encontrar a melhor opção. Além disso, alguns estudos indicam que o uso combinado de dois ou mais agentes estruturantes pode resultar no aumento de seu potencial de estruturação de óleos ou na possibilidade de customizar as propriedades adequadas para produção alimentar. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a interação entre os componentes de oleogéis preparados com óleo de girassol alto oleico (HOSO), como base lipídica, e combinações de cera de candelilla (CW) e monoestearato de sorbitana (SMS), como agentes estruturantes. A avaliação dos oleogéis por meio dos diagramas de fases e a consistência, mostrou que há uma sinergia entre os componentes, na concentração de 8 e 4% de agentes estruturantes e 79-89% de cera de candelilla. Estes oleogéis mistos tiveram uma faixa de fusão maior do que os oleogéis não mistos. Sugerindo a construição de cristais mais estáveis, que demoraram mais tempo em fundir. A capacidade de retenção de óleo se mostrou adequada (99%) nas amostras contendo mais de 1% de agentes estruturantes e com mais de 40% de Cera de Candelilla. Nas imagens obtidas por PLM, foi observada uma variedade de tamanho de cristais, sugerindo que cada componente do oleogel formou um tipo de cristal. Com a elaboração de bigéis, foi notado que, para obter um produto satisfatoriamente espalhável ou para observar o aumento de sua consistência em comparação com o oleogel isoladamente, é necessária uma concentração maior do que 4% de agentes estruturantes no oleogel e/ou a adição de menos de 20% de água na formulação total. A estabilidade dos bigéis foi beneficiada pela goma xantana e pela mistura de 2:1 de goma xantana e goma guar na concentração de 0,3%. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de alimentos com teores reduzidos de gorduras saturadas e ao mesmo tempo livres de gorduras trans se faz possível com a formulação de oleogéis, o que poderá contribuir para melhorar a qualidade nutricional dos alimentos industrializados oferecidos à população


Fats rich in saturated and / or trans fatty acids provide properties in food such as texture, fusion and stability. But, since those fats increase cardiovascular disease risk, alternatives have been searched. A potential alternative is oleogels, as they are a plastic material with better lipid balance from a nutritional point of view. Oleogels are colloidal systems where a liquid organic phase, represented by an oil, is immobilized by a three-dimensional solid network formed by structuring agents. Currently, oleogels conformed with various structuring agents have been studied in order to find the best option. In addition, some studies indicate that the combined use of two or more structuring agents may result in increased oil structuring potential or the possibility of customizing the properties suitable for food production. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the interaction between the components of oleogels prepared with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) as a lipid base and combinations of candelilla wax (CW) and sorbitan monostearate (SMS) as structuring agents. The evaluation of oleogels by phase diagrams and consistency (Yield value) showed that there is a synergy between the components, in the concentration of 8 and 4% of structuring agents and 79-89% of candelilla wax. These mixed oleogels had a higher melting range than unmixed oleogels. Suggesting the construction of more stable crystals, which took longer to fuse. Oil binding capacity was adequate (99%) in samples containing more than 1% of structuring agents and over 40% of candelilla wax. In the PLM images, a variety of crystal sizes were observed, suggesting that each oleogel component formed a crystal type. With the elaboration of bigels, it was noted that in order to obtain a satisfactorily spreadable product or to observe the increase of its consistency compared to the oleogel alone, a concentration greater than 4% of structuring agents in the oleogel and / or the addition of less than 20% water in the total formulation. The stability of the bigels was benefited by xanthan gum and the 2: 1 mixture of xanthan gum and guar gum at a concentration of 0.3%.Thus, the development of foods with reduced levels of saturated fat and at the same time free of trans fats is possible with the formulation of oleogels, which may contribute to improve the nutritional quality of processed foods offered to the population


Subject(s)
Plant Oils/analysis , Sunflower Oil/pharmacology , Waxes , Rhizophoraceae/classification , Trans Fatty Acids
8.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 52: 34, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903437

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the trans fatty acids content of processed foods frequently consumed by adults living in a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, after the enactment of a mandatory trans fatty acids labelling policy. METHODS Between February 2014 and January 2015, a specifically dietary questionnaire was completed by 107 adults to assess the frequency of processed foods consumption. The most commonly consumed products from the survey, including vegetable oils, margarine, biscuits, snacks, cheese bread (pão de queijo), french fries, cheeseburger and ice cream, were then analyzed for their trans fatty acids content using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. RESULTS Differences in the levels of trans fatty acids were observed among 22 products analyzed, considering that trans fatty acids content ranged between 0.0 g/100 g in samples of cream cracker biscuit 1 and olive oil to 0.83 g/100 g in samples of cheeseburger (fast food), 0.51 g/100 g in samples of frozen pão de queijo and 12.92 g/100 g in samples of chocolate sandwich cookies with cream filling 2. The overall trans fatty acids content of the different samples of margarine brands was 0.20 g/100 g for brand 1 and 0.0 g/100 g for brand 2. These data are significantly lower than those observed in a survey conducted in 2003, when the regulation had been enacted. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Brazilian regulation is very likely implicated in the observed drop in trans fatty acids of the most processed foods but has yet to eliminate them, which reinforces the urgent need to revise the legislation, since a minimum amount of trans fat does not mean that the food product does not contain this type of fat.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Dietary Fats/analysis , Food Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Food Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Nutrition Policy/trends , Food Labeling/standards , Middle Aged
9.
Brasília; MERCOSUR; 7 dez. 2017. 2 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, SDG, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-1370646

ABSTRACT

Fomentar nos Estados Partes e Associados a adoção de medidas regulatórias para a eliminação gradual de gorduras trans de origem industrial nos alimentos em um prazo preferencialmente inferior a quatro anos.


Subject(s)
Trans Fatty Acids , Industrialized Foods , Mercosur , Food-Processing Industry/standards
10.
Mem. Inst. Invest. Cienc. Salud (Impr.) ; 15(3): 19-26, Dic. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-907838

ABSTRACT

Los lípidos de los alimentos cumplen un papel fundamental en nutrición humana. Con base en los potenciales efectos perjudiciales para la salud de las dietas altas en ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y la necesidad de contar con información sobre los niveles en alimentos de consumo local, se han investigado el contenido de AGT por espectrometría infrarroja, grasas totales y el porcentaje de AGT con respecto a lípidos totales en algunos alimentos procesados y materia prima grasa comercializados en cuatro ciudades de zonas urbanas del Paraguay. De los 28 tipos de alimentos analizados, el 84,7% contenía ≥0,2 gAGT/porción. Alrededor del 79% superó 5% de AGT totales en el contenido lipídico del alimento, nivel superior al recomendado actualmente por la OMS. En las muestras de materia prima grasa, se encontraron niveles excepcionalmente altos de AGT totales (77,6%) en comparación con los niveles recomendados (5%). Este trabajo presenta los primeros datos sobre el contenido de AGT en alimentos tradicionales de consumo en Paraguay como la chipa1, y destaca la importancia del control de la composición de los alimentos de venta local y sin etiquetado, así como la necesidad de apuntar a la reformulación de estos alimentos, con menores niveles de AGT con base en las recomendaciones nutricionales actuales a nivel mundial para la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.


The food fats play a fundamental role in human nutrition. Based on the known adverse health effects of diets high in trans fatty acids (TFA) and the need for information on levels in food for local consumption, in this work we investigated the content of total lipids and total TFA in some processed foods and fat raw material commercialized in four cities in urban areas of Paraguay. Of the 28 types of foods analyzed, 84.7% contained ≥0.2 g TFA/serving. Approximately 79% exceeded 5% of total TFA in food fat, which is higher than those levelscurrently recommended by the WHO. In raw material fat samples, exceptionally high levels of total TFA were found (77.6%) compared to the recommended level (5%). This paper presents the first data on the content of TFA in traditional foods of consumption in Paraguay, as “chipa”, and highlights the importance of the control of the composition of the foods of local sale and without labeling, as well as the need to point to the reformulation of these foods, with lower levels of trans fatty acids based on the current nutritional recommendations worldwide for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.


Subject(s)
Food Handling , Lipids , Trans Fatty Acids , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
11.
Interface comun. saúde educ ; 21(60): 133-139, Jan.-Mar. 2017.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-829007

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to identify the stakeholders and their contributions to the public consultation carried out with regard to the mandatory trans fat acids food labeling proposal in Brazil. Methodology thematic analysis of the documents. Results 25 stakeholders made suggestions regarding the proposed law, and the majority belonged to the food industry sector. The following issues were raised: lack of knowledge among the consumers about trans fat acids; lack of information about trans fat acids in food composition tables and infrastructure to analyse the trans fat content of foods; voluntary trans fat labelling. Conclusions The stakeholders addressed important issues, such as improving nutritional knowledge among the population. However, few stakeholders linked to consumers took part in the public consultation, which might lead to disproportionate influence of the food industry on the development of future food policies.


Objetivo identificar os atores sociais e as suas contribuições na consulta pública realizada sobre a proposta obrigatória de rotulagem de alimentos no Brasil com gordura trans. Metodologia análise temática dos documentos. Resultados 25 atores apresentaram sugestões para a proposta da lei, e a maioria pertencia ao setor da indústria de alimentos. Temas encontrados: falta de conhecimento entre os consumidores sobre a gordura trans; falta de informação sobre gorduras trans em tabelas de composição de alimentos e de infraestrutura para analisar o teor de gordura trans nos alimentos; rotulagem voluntária da gordura trans. Conclusões Os participantes abordaram questões importantes, como a necessidade de aumentar o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre gordura trans. Entretanto, houve poucos atores sociais ligados aos interesses dos consumidores que participaram na consulta pública, e isso pode levar a um desequiibrio de poderes nas discussões sobre nutrição no Brasil.


Objetivo Identificar actores sociales y sus contribuciones en la consulta pública realizada sobre la propuesta obligatoria de rotulación de alimentos en Brasil con grasas transgénicas. Metodología Análisis temático de documentos. Resultados 25 actores presentaron sugerencias para la propuesta de ley, y la mayoría pertenecía al sector de la industria de alimentos. Temas encontrados Falta de conocimiento entre consumidores sobre grasas transgénicas; falta de información sobre grasas transgénicas en tablas de composición de alimentos e infraestructura para analizar grado de grasas transgénicas en alimentos; rotulación voluntaria de grasas transgénicas. Conclusiones Los participantes abordaron cuestiones importantes, como la necesidad de aumentar el conocimiento de los consumidores sobre grasas transgénicas. No obstante, hubo pocos actores sociales ligados a los intereses de los consumidores que participaron en la consulta y eso puede llevar a un desequilibrio de poderes en discusiones sobre nutrición en Brasil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Trans Fatty Acids , Food Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil
12.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 43(4): 408-415, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844494

ABSTRACT

An unhealthy diet, consisting mainly of saturated and trans fats intake, is one of the strongest factors contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease. With an historical approach, this paper aims to describe policies regarding trans fats in Argentina. Main global strategies which inspired local interventions are included: from North Karelia memorable project, through the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health to the Argentinian experience which made it possible to replace 70% of partially hydrogenated oil from the market.


La mala alimentación, en particular el consumo de grasas saturadas y trans, es un factor de primer orden para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Mediante un relato histórico, el presente trabajo pretende describir las políticas referidas a grasas trans en Argentina. Se incluyen referencias a las principales estrategias mundiales que inspiraron intervenciones locales, desde el memorable proyecto de Karelia del Norte, pasando por la Estrategia Mundial sobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud, hasta la experiencia Argentina que llevó a reemplazar el 70% del aceite parcialmente hidrogenado del mercado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Food Industry , Trans Fatty Acids , Feeding Behavior , Diet, Healthy
13.
Hig. aliment ; 30(260/261): 85-89, 30/10/2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2723

ABSTRACT

Duas amostras de sorvete sabor baunilha foram produzidas, uma com substituição de parte da gordura por fibra vegetal insolúvel "Z Trim" (com reposição de sólidos) e outra sem substituição de gordura (tradicional). As amostras foram analisadas em relação às quantidades de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans, assim como amostras de sorvetes similares, de outras marcas, comercializados em municípios de diferentes regiões do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo foi verificar as quantidades de gorduras dos sorvetes encontrados no mercado e comparar com as informações declaradas nos rótulos. A amostra com fibra apresentou redução de 18% de gorduras totais e de 14% de gorduras saturadas. Para trans, a alteração não foi significativa porque a amostra tradicional foi produzida com gordura low trans. Constatou-se que a fibra é uma alternativa interessante para sorvetes. Quanto à rotulagem, ao comparar-se as informações declaradas com os resultados de análises, observou-se que cinco marcas estavam em desacordo com a RDC n° 360, de 23 de dezembro de 2003 da ANVISA (BRASIL, 2003a).


Two samples of vanilla ice cream were produced. In one, part of the fat was replaced by an insoluble dietary fiber called "Z Trim" (with solids replacement) and in the other it wasn't done (traditional sample). Both samples were analyzed for the amount of total fats, saturated fats and trans fats. Samples of similar ice cream, of various brands, marketed in cities of different regions of Rio Grande do Sul, were analyzed too. The objective was to verify the amounts found in the market and compare them with the values declared on labels. The sample with fiber decreases 18% total fats and 14% saturated fats. For trans, the change was not significant because the traditional sample was produced with low trans fat. It shows that the fiber is an interesting alternative for ice cream. As for labeling, when it was compared the declared information with the analysis results, it was observed that five brands were in disagreement with ANVISA.


Subject(s)
Fat Substitutes/administration & dosage , Trans Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Food Labeling , Ice Cream , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Food Industry , Sampling Studies , Fats/analysis
14.
Rev. argent. salud publica ; 6(25): 7-13, dic. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-869550

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: la ingesta de altos niveles de sal y grasas trans está fuertemente relacionada con la ocurrencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Describir los conocimientos, comportamientos y prácticas socioculturales de diferentes grupos de población, con relación al consumo de sal y grasas trans en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo con diseño exploratorio descriptivo. Participaron varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales en tres zonas geográficas diferentes del país. RESULTADOS: Los participantes desconocen que el sodio es un componente de la sal. Se observó una tendencia a considerar que el consumo en exceso de sal es perjudicial para la salud principalmente en adultos mayores, mujeres embarazadas y en personas con enfermedades cardiovasculares. A su vez, se evidenció un total desconocimiento acerca de las grasas trans, en qué alimentos se encuentran y su impacto sobre la salud. CONCLUSIONES: Las percepciones acerca del consumo personal de sal hacen referencia a un consumo moderado. La reducción del consumo de sal ocurre predominantemente ante eventos de salud de familiares, no como conducta preventiva personal. Existe un escaso conocimiento acerca de las grasas trans.


INTRODUCTION: the consumption of high levels of salt and trans fats is strongly associated with cardiovasculardiseases. OBJECTIVES: To describe knowledge, behaviors and socio-cultural practices of different population groups in relation to consumption of salt and trans fats in Argentina. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, with an exploratory-descriptive design and the participation of men and women older than 18. In-depth interviews and focus groups were carried out in threedifferent regions of the country. RESULTS: Participants do not know that sodium is a component of salt. There was a tendency to consider that the consumption of too much salt is unhealthy mainly in older adults, pregnant women and people with cardiovascular diseases. There was also complete ignorance regarding trans fats, their impact on health and which foods are rich in them.CONCLUSIONS: Participants consider that they have a moderateconsumption of salt. The reduction of salt intake mainly occurs after family health events, not as personal preventive behavior. There is very little knowledge about trans fats.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health , Sodium , Trans Fatty Acids
15.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences ; (12): 477-485, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-264557

ABSTRACT

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The TFA contents data of 2613 food items and food consumption data of 10,533 people aged 3 years and above in two large cities in China were matched and a simple assessment method was used to estimate the distribution of dietary TFA intake.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean content of TFA was highest in margarine (1.68 ± 0.83 g/100g), followed by chocolate and candy (0.89 ± 2.68 g/100g), edible vegetable oils (0.86 ± 0.82 g/100g), milk (0.83 ± 1.56 g/100g), and bakery foods (0.41 ± 0.91 g/100g). TFA intake accounted for 0.34%, 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.29% of the total energy intake in the 3-6, 7-12, 13-17, and ⋝18 year age groups, respectively. Of the populations studied, 0.42% demonstrated TFA intakes (as percentage of energy intake) greater than 1%. The main sources of dietary TFA intake were edible vegetable oils, milk, mutton, and beef, and baked foods, which accounted for 49.8%, 16.56%, 12.21%, and 8.87%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The current intake of TFA among people in two cities did not appear to be of major health concern regarding the threshold of TFA intake as the percentage of total energy recommended by the World Health Organization. Because most TFA were derived from industrially processed foods, the government should reinforce nutrition labeling and regulate food producers to further reduce TFA in food and to provide scientific instruction for consumers to make sound choices.</p>


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Analysis of Variance , China , Diet Surveys , Dietary Fats , Metabolism , Energy Intake , Food , Reference Standards , Food Analysis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Trans Fatty Acids , Metabolism
16.
Nutrition Research and Practice ; : 99-105, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-168098

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Compelling evidence indicates that consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is associated with a wide range of diseases. However, few validated tools for TFA intake assessment are available in Korea. We aimed to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) estimating usual intake of TFA in Korean adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: Eighty-two healthy adults completed an FFQ with a 3-day diet record (3DDR), and 58 completed a second FFQ at a 1-month interval. To assess the reproducibility of the FFQ, we compared estimated TFA intakes from each FFQ. To assess the validity, we compared estimates from the FFQ with those from the 3DDR. RESULTS: The FFQ was reproducible (Spearman r = 0.71) and provided modest correlations with the 3DDR (Spearman r = 0.38). After adjustment for total energy intake, the correlations increased (r = 0.45). Measurement-error correction also de-attenuated the correlations (r = 0.57). When quintiles of the FFQ and 3DDR were joint-classified, 9% on average were misclassified into extreme quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the developed FFQ is reproducible and reasonably valid in categorizing individuals according to TFA intakes among healthy young and middle aged adults in Korea.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Diet Records , Energy Intake , Korea , Surveys and Questionnaires , Trans Fatty Acids
17.
Perspect. nutr. hum ; 16(2): 159-174, jul.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-754841

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: las condiciones de fritura afectan la proporción de ácidos grasos de alimentos fritos. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de las condiciones de fritura sobre la composición de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados y trans en alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron 22 muestras de alimentos y sus aceites de fritura en cuatro restaurantes, cuatro cafeterías y tres puestos callejeros, de afluencia universitaria en Medellín- Colombia. Se determinó la composición de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases, luego de la fritura. La composición del aceite se relacionó con condiciones de fritura. Resultados: siete establecimientos usaban aceite de palma, dos de soya y dos mezcla de aceites vegetales. En papas fritas, el aceite de palma aumentó el contenido de saturados y disminuyó el de poliinsaturados (p<0,05). El aceite de soya presentó mayor contenido de poliinsaturados y trans y menor contenido de saturados (p=0,05) para todos los casos. En los aceites se asociaron saturados con sólidos presentes (p=0,03) y trans con horas/uso/día (p=0,02) y presencia de sólidos (p=0,04). Las condiciones de fritura fueron deficientes. Conclusión: la distribución de ácidos grasos en papas fritas depende del aceite usado. Las deficientes condiciones de fritura afectan la cantidad de ácidos grasos saturados y trans del aceite.


Background: Frying conditions affect fatty acids proportion in fried foods. Objective: To determine the effect of frying conditions on fatty acid composition: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acid in fried food and frying oils. Materials and methods: 22 food samples and their frying oils were collected in 4 restaurants, 4 coffee shops, and 3 street stalls placed at universities in Medellín, Colombia. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography after the frying. Oil composition was associated with frying conditions. Results: Palm oil was used in 7 places, soya oil in 2 and a mixture of vegetable oils was used in another 2 places. In fried potatoes, palm oil increased saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content (p<0,05). Soya oil had a greater polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid content, and a lower saturated content (p=0,05), in all cases. In oils, saturated fatty acid were associated with present solids (p=0,03) and TFA were associated with hours/usage/day (p=0,02) and presences of solids (p=0,04). Frying conditions were inappropriate. Conclusion: Fatty acid distribution in fried potatoes depends of oil used for frying. Poor frying conditions affect saturated and trans fatty acid content in oil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Oils , Trans Fatty Acids , Fats , Palm Oil , Soybean Oil
18.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; jul. 2014. 298 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-836844

ABSTRACT

O consumidor está cada vez mais consciente da relação entre dieta e doença, que tem impulsionado as pesquisas sobre alimentos funcionais e seus efeitos sobre o corpo. O papel dos óleos e gorduras na nutrição humana tem sido intensamente estudado e discutido por décadas. Tem sido enfatizada a importância da ingestão de ômega-3, ômega-6 e ômega-9 ácidos graxos redução de ácidos graxos saturados e, mais recentemente, controle da ingestão de ácidos graxos trans. Através da mistura e interesterificação química e enzimática de óleos e gorduras, gorduras trans-livre pode ser produzido. Mistura de gordura, foram formuladas por misturas ternárias de estearina de palma, uma gordura láurica (óleo de coco ou óleo de palmiste) e um óleo poliinsaturado (óleo de canola ou azeite de oliva) em diferentes proporções que foram interesterificadas. Neste trabalho, foram produzidos lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química e enzimática. A interesterificação química foi realizada nas seguintes condições: a 88 °C, 60 minutos de reação, 0,4% de catalisador metóxido de sódio, sob agitação e vácuo. A interesterificação enzimática, sendo realizada com duas lipases comerciais Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, com seletividade sn-1,3. A interesterificação enzimática por batelada foi realizado seguindo um planejamento matriz central compósito rotativo em função da temperatura e da composição do meio, estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste e azeite de oliva e catalisado pelas lipases comerciais. O decréscimo do conteúdo de gordura sólida foi observado a 10 e 35 °C após a interesterificação. O biorreator contínuo foi operado nas seguintes condições: mistura de estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste, azeite de oliva (45:30:25), 10 gr de biocatalisador, 65 °C, com tempo de residência de 7 min e por 226 h para Thermomyces lanuginosa e 188 h para Rhizomucor miehei. A atividade do biocatalisador foi avaliada em termos da diminuição do conteúdo de gordura sólida a 35 °C, o qual é um parâmetro chave na produção de margarinas. O perfil de inativação do biocatalisador pode ser bem descrita pelo modelo de desativação de primeira ordem: meia-vida de 88 e 60 h foram estimados quando Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, respectivamente, foram utilizados. Os óleos puros, as misturas originais e interesterificadas foram avaliados quanto à composição de ácidos graxos e triacilgliceróis, distribuição regioespecífica dos ácidos graxos nos triacilgliceróis, ponto de fusão e amolecimento, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida, comportamento de fusão e cristalização, estabilidade oxidativa, estrutura cristalina e polimorfismo. A interesterificação química e enzimática promoveram diminuição de triacilgliceróis trissaturados e triinsaturados e aumento dos monossaturados-diinsaturados e dissaturados-monoinsaturados, o que resultou no respectivo decréscimo dos pontos de fusão e amolecimento, consistência e conteúdo de gordura sólida, aumentando a plasticidade das gorduras. As curvas de fusão e cristalização das misturas foram modificadas pela alteração da composição dos triacilgliceróis pela interesterificação química e enzimática. Estabilidade térmica e a temperatura de oxidação da estearina de palma, óleo de coco e óleo de canola e suas misturas foram dependente da composição de ácidos graxos e independente da interesterificação química. Os resultados mostram que a interesterificação química e enzimática oferecem uma ferramenta útil para a concepção de gorduras com sintonizáveis propriedades físico-químicas, melhorando em relação a esse das gorduras de partida


The consumer is becoming more aware of the relationship between diet and disease, which has driven the research on functional foods and their effects on the body. The role of fats and oils in human nutrition has been intensively studied and discussed for decades. It has been emphasized the importance of intake of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, reduction of saturated fatty acids and, more recently, control of intake of trans fatty acids. Through the blend and interesterification of oils and fats, trans-free fats can be produced. Fat blends, formulated by ternary blends of palm stearin, lauric fat (coconut oil and palm kernel oil) and polyunsaturated oils (canola oil and olive oil) were done in different ratios. In this work, were produced by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. Chemical interesterification was performed under the following conditions: at 88°C, 60 minutes reaction times, 0.4% sodium methoxide, under agitation and vacuum. For enzymatic interesterification being carried out with two commercial lipases Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, with selectivity sn-1,3. Batch enzymatic interesterification were performed, following central composite rotatable designs (CCRDs) as a function temperature and media of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil formulation and catalyzed by a commercial immobilized lipase. A decrease in all SFC values of the blends at 10 °C and 35°C was observed upon interesterification. The bioreactor operated continuously: mixture of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil (45:30:25, wt %), at 65 °C, at a residence time of 7 min and for 226 h to Thermomyces lanuginosa and 188 h to Rhizomucor miehei.. Biocatalyst activity was evaluated in terms of the decrease of the solid fat content at 35 °C of the blends, which is a key parameter in margarine manufacture. The inactivation profile of the biocatalyst could be well described by the first-order deactivation model: Half-lives of 88 and 60 h were estimated when Thermomyces lanuginose and Rhizomucor miehei, respectively, were used. Pure oil, the original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, melting and softening points, consistency, solid fat content, thermal behavior, oxidation stability, crystalline microstructure and polymorphism. Chemical and enzymatic interesterification caused reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated and increase in monosaturated-diunsaturated and disaturated-monounsaturated, lowering the initial melting and softening points, consistency and solid fat content, increasing plasticity of fats. Melting and crystallization curves were significantly modified by changing the composition of triacylglycerols by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. The thermal stability and oxidation temperature of palm stearin, coconut oil and canola oil and their blends were dependent on fatty acid composition and independent on chemical interesterification. The results show that the chemical and enzymatic interesterification provides a useful tool to design fats with tunable physicochemical properties, improved compared to that of the starting fats


Subject(s)
Oils/classification , Palm Oil/classification , Brassica napus , Trans Fatty Acids , Margarine/toxicity , Polymorphism, Genetic , Triglycerides/pharmacology , Chemical Phenomena , Lipids
19.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 39(1): 25-39, abr. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-712175

ABSTRACT

In this study, we aimed to identify the types of oils and fats used in the production process of meals and investigate practices to control immersion frying in commercial restaurants. Sixty-two managers of commercial restaurants in the municipality of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil were interviewed between February and April 2012. The main results showed that soybean oil (91.9%) was the most often used, followed by hydrogenated vegetable fat (35.5%), in the restaurants surveyed. As to immersion frying practices, at the establishments where managers were trained in nutrition, hydrogenated vegetable fat was less used (p<0.05). It is worth mentioning the importance of having vocational education as a tool to promote better practices in using oils and fat to produce healthy food. It is clearly necessary to have specific legislation involving the production processes and sale of meals in accordance with the policies adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO).


El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los tipos de aceites y grasas utilizados en el proceso productivo de comidas, así como investigar las prácticas en el control de las frituras de inmersión de restaurantes comerciales. Se entrevistó, entre febrero y abril de 2012, a 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciales de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, RS. Entre los principales resultados, se destaca el aceite de soja (91,9%) como el más utilizado, seguido por la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%) en los restaurantes que participaron de la encuesta. En lo que se refiere a las prácticas de las frituras de inmersión, en aquellos establecimientos en los que el gestor poseía formación en nutrición, hubo una menor prevalencia del uso de la grasa vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Se destaca la importancia de la educación profesional como herramienta promotora de mejores prácticas en la utilización de aceites y grasas para la producción de alimentos sanos y se observa la necesidad de legislaciones específicas en lo que se refiere a los procesos productivos y a la comercialización de comidas que estén en consonancia con las políticas adoptadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.


O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os tipos de óleos e gorduras utilizados no processo produtivo de refeições, bem como investigar as práticas no controle das frituras de imersão de restaurantes comerciais. Foram entrevistados, entre fevereiro e abril de 2012, 62 gerentes de restaurantes comerciais do município de Porto Alegre, RS. Dentre os principais resultados, destaca-se o óleo de soja (91,9%) como o mais utilizado, seguido pela gordura vegetal hidrogenada (35,5%), nos restaurantes pesquisados. Em relação às práticas das frituras de imersão, nos estabelecimentos em que o gestor possuía formação em nutrição, houve menor prevalência do uso da gordura vegetal hidrogenada (p<0,05). Destaca-se a importância da educação profissionalizante como ferramenta promotora de melhores práticas na utilização de óleos e gorduras para produção de alimentos saudáveis e percebe-se a necessidade de legislações específicas relacionadas aos processos produtivos e à comercialização de refeições que sejam consoantes às políticas adotadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Fats/analysis , Oils/analysis , Restaurants/classification , Trans Fatty Acids/classification
20.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences ; (12): 912-916, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-264636

ABSTRACT

The method has been developed to accurately identify the magnitude of health risks and provide scientific evidence for implementation of risk management in food safety. It combines two parameters including consequence and likelihood of adverse effects based on risk matrix. Score definitions and classification for the consequence and the likelihood of adverse effects are proposed. The risk score identifies the intersection of consequence and likelihood in risk matrix represents its health risk level with different colors: 'low', 'medium', 'high'. Its use in an actual case is shown.


Subject(s)
Humans , Consumer Product Safety , Food , Classification , Food Analysis , Methods , Likelihood Functions , Risk Assessment , Trans Fatty Acids
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